Lady Justice , often used as a personification of the law, holding a sword in one hand and scales in the other.Law enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes ; by the executive through decrees and regulations ; or established by judges through precedent , usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.
Legal systems vary between jurisdictions , with their differences analysed in comparative law . In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent , although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia .
The scope of law can be divided into two domains: public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law , administrative law , and criminal law ; while private law deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as contracts , property , torts , delicts and commercial law . This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts ; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions. (Full article...
The Saxbe fix SAKS -beesalary rollback , is a mechanism by which the president of the United States , in appointing a current or former member of the United States Congress whose elected term has not yet expired, can avoid the restriction of the United States Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause . That clause prohibits the president from appointing a current or former member of Congress to a civil office position that was created, or to a civil office position for which the pay or benefits (collectively, "emoluments") were increased, during the term for which that member was elected until the term has expired. The rollback, first implemented by an Act of Congress in 1909, reverts the emoluments of the office to the amount they were when that member began his or her elected term.
To prevent ethical conflicts, James Madison proposed language at the Constitutional Convention that was adopted as the Ineligibility Clause after debate and modification by other Founding Fathers . Historically, a number of approaches have been taken to circumvent or adhere to the restrictions; these have included choosing another nominee, allowing the desired nominee's elected term of office to expire, ignoring the clause entirely, or reducing the offending emoluments to the level prior to when the nominee took office. Although Congress passed the mechanism reducing emoluments in 1909, the procedure was named "Saxbe fix" after Senator William Saxbe , who was confirmed as attorney general in 1973 after Congress reduced the office's salary to the level it had been before Saxbe's term commenced. The Saxbe fix has subsequently become relevant as a successful—though not universally accepted—solution for appointments by presidents of both parties of sitting members of the United States Congress to the United States Cabinet . Members of Congress have been appointed to federal judgeships without any fix being enacted; court challenges to such appointments have failed. (Full article...
Ioan Constantin Filitti Romanian pronunciation: [iˈo̯aŋ konstanˈtin fiˈliti] Ion ; Francized Jean C. Filitti ; May 8, 1879 – September 21, 1945) was a Romanian historian, diplomat and conservative theorist, best remembered for his contribution to social history , legal history , genealogy and heraldry . A member of the Conservative Party and an assistant of its senior leader Titu Maiorescu , he had aristocratic (boyar ) origins and an elitist perspective. Among his diverse contributions, several focus on 19th-century modernization under the Regulamentul Organic Russian Empire . As a historian, Filitti is noted for his perfectionism, and for constantly revising his own works.
I. C. Filitti had an auspicious debut in diplomacy and politics, but his career was mired in controversy. A "Germanophile " by the start of World War I , he secretly opposed the pact between Romania and the Entente Powers , and opted to stay behind in German-occupied territory . He fell into disgrace for serving the collaborationist Lupu Kostaki as Prefect and head of the National Theater , although he eventually managed to overturn his death sentence for treason. Filitti became a recluse, focusing on his scholarship and press polemics, but was allowed to serve on the Legislative Council after 1926.
In his political tracts, written well after the Conservative Party's demise, I. C. Filitti preserves the orthodox conservative principles of Maiorescu. His attachment to boyar tradition was expanded into a critique of centralized government , etatism and Romanian liberalism . Toward the end of his life, he supported the dictatorial regime known as National Renaissance Front . (Full article...
A statute legislative body, a stage in the process of legislation . Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy . Statutes are laws made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent , which is decided by courts , regulations issued by government agencies , and oral or customary law .[better source needed Statutes may originate with the legislative body of a country, state or province, county, or municipality . (Full article...
The Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act Act of Congress passed to improve mental health care in the United States territory of Alaska . It became the focus of a major political controversy after opponents nicknamed it the "Siberia Bill" and denounced it as being part of a communist plot to hospitalize and brainwash Americans. Campaigners asserted that it was part of an international Jewish , Roman Catholic or psychiatric conspiracy intended to establish United Nations -run concentration camps in the United States.
The legislation in its original form was sponsored by the Democratic Party , but after it ran into opposition, it was rescued by the conservative Republican Senator Barry Goldwater . Under Goldwater's sponsorship, a version of the legislation without the commitment provisions that were the target of intense opposition from a variety of far-right , anti-Communist and fringe religious groups was passed by the United States Senate . The controversy still plays a prominent role in the Church of Scientology 's account of its campaign against psychiatry .
The Act succeeded in its initial aim of establishing a mental health care system for Alaska, funded by income from lands allocated to a mental health trust. However, during the 1970s and early 1980s, Alaskan politicians systematically stripped the trust of its lands, transferring the most valuable land to private individuals and state agencies. The asset stripping was eventually ruled to be illegal following several years of litigation, and a reconstituted mental health trust was established in the mid-1980s. (Full article...
... that although Elizabeth Richards Tilton (pictured) was a central figure in a six-month-long trial, she was never allowed to speak in court?
Case law common law , is a law that is based on precedents , that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions , statutes , or regulations . Case law uses the detailed facts of a legal case that have been resolved by courts or similar tribunals . These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent. Stare decisis —a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions. (Full article...
Jones v Kaney [2011] UKSC 13 is a 2011 decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on whether expert witnesses retained by a party in litigation can be sued for professional negligence in England and Wales, or whether they have the benefit of immunity from suit. The case involved a psychologist (Kaney) instructed as an expert witness in a personal injury claim, who was said to have negligently signed a statement of matters agreed with the expert instructed by the opposing side, in which she made a number of concessions that weakened the claim considerably. As a result, according to the injured claimant (Jones), he had to settle the claim for much less than he would have obtained had his expert not been careless. To succeed in the claim, he had to overturn an earlier Court of Appeal decision that had decided that preparation of a joint statement with the other side's expert was covered by immunity from suit. Kaney therefore succeeded in getting the claim struck out before trial on an application heard by Mr Justice Blake in the High Court of Justice . The judge issued a certificate allowing the claimant to "leapfrog " the Court of Appeal and go straight to the Supreme Court to appeal against his decision.
The Supreme Court, by a majority of five to two, decided that expert witnesses were not immune in the law of England and Wales from claims in tort or contract for matters connected with their participation in legal proceedings. This reversed a line of authority dating back 400 years. The case considered the narrow issue, namely whether preparation of a joint statement by experts was immune from suit, and the wider public policy issue of whether litigants should be able to sue experts that they had instructed for breach of duty. There was discussion about whether removing the immunity would have a "chilling effect" on the willingness of experts to participate in court proceedings, although judges on both sides of the decision agreed that there was no empirical evidence on the point. Lord Phillips , a member of the majority, compared the situation of expert witnesses with that of advocates, on the basis that both owed duties to clients and to the court. Advocates' immunity from claims in negligence had been removed in 2001 in Hall v Simons . The change, he said, had not led to an increase in vexatious claims or a reduction in the performance of duties owed by advocates to the court. Lord Hope , in the minority, said that experts and advocates had different functions and so disagreed with the comparison. He also pointed out that English law would now be different from Scots law on this issue. (Full article...
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The following are images from various law-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 2 Oliver Wendell Holmes was a self-styled legal realist. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 3 Corpus Iuris Civilis , 1607 (from
Judiciary )
Image 4 King John of England signs the Magna Carta (from
Legal history )
Image 6 Thomas Aquinas was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 7 Plato (left) and
Aristotle (right), a detail of
The School of Athens (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 8 The
Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words (from
Legal history )
Image 9 Image of pages from the
Decretum of
Burchard of Worms , an 11th-century book of canon law (from
Canon law )
Image 10 Gratian (from
Judiciary )
Image 12 Lady Justice (Latin:
Justicia ), symbol of the judiciary. Statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee (from
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Image 13 Philosophers of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?" (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 14 Mill believed law should create happiness. (from
Jurisprudence )
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Texas John Watson (advocate) Watson v British Boxing Board of Control Watts and Betchart murder case Amy Wax Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009 Webster ruling Wednesbury unreasonableness in Singapore law Georges Weill Randi Weingarten Welsh Church (Amendment) Act 1938 Welsh Church (Burial Grounds) Act 1945 Welsh Church (Temporalities) Act 1919 West Indian Incumbered Estates Acts Westmoreland v. CBS Claude Weston Mark Wetjen Wheeler v JJ Saunders Ltd When a man argues against two beautiful ladies like this, they are going to have the last word Alexander White (Virginia politician) Christian Streit White Francis White (Virginia politician) John Baker White (West Virginia politician) John Baker White (clerk of court) Penny J. White Robert White (West Virginia state senator) Robert White (attorney general) Robert White (judge) White v Driver Reah Whitehead Widener University Commonwealth Law School Bambang Widjojanto Wieman v. Updegraff Wiggins v. Smith Wik Peoples v Queensland Elizabeth Wilkins Robert L. Wilkins Wilko v. Swan Will v. Michigan Department of State Police Willamette Law Review Willard v. Tayloe Wills Act 1963 Wine law Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary Principle Wisconsin Department of Revenue v. William Wrigley Jr. Co. Witch-hunt Witchcraft Suppression Act, 1957 Witches of Belvoir Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide Willem Witteveen Andrew Wodrow Wolk v. Kodak Imaging Network, Inc. Women's suffrage in film Walton J. Wood Woodroffe-Hedley v Cuthbertson Bonnie Woods Woodson Law Office Stanley Woodward (attorney) Wool Products Labeling Act Walter Woon 2015 Wootton Bassett rail incident World Courts of Women Wrangell Bombardment Julian M. Wright Writ of mandate (California) Francis Wythens Xiao Yang (judge) Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement Yasui v. United States Ye Htoon Year and a day rule Yong Pung How Young v. Facebook, Inc. Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. Brian K. Zahra Joshua Soule Zimmerman Zivotofsky v. Clinton Samuel Zoll R v Zora An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths Ukrainian decommunization laws Koos van der Merwe Modesta Ávila İmralı prison
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